Cultural ecosystem services
Definition
The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, e.g. knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 1
Other definitions
- CICES (Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services), 2018 2
All the non-material, and normally non-rival and non-consumptive, outputs of ecosystems (biotic and abiotic) that affect physical and mental states of people.